Wednesday, July 25, 2012

THINK THINK THINK...!!!???


1.does a human soul really exist ???


2.is universe infinite or finite???


3.if GOD created the universe, then who created GOD???



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Tuesday, July 24, 2012


Computing: The Science of Nearly Everything

Computer Science…Research, Education and Policy

A set of top Computer Science blogs

with 35 comments
This started out as a list of top Computer Science blogs, but it more closely resembles a set: the order is irrelevant and there are no duplicate elements; membership of this set of blogs satisfies all of the following conditions:
  1. they are written by computer scientists and focus on computer science research;
  2. they are of consistently high quality;
  3. I regularly read them.
N.B. I have deliberately excluded blogs primarily focusing on computer science education (for another time).
  • The Endeavour by John D. Cook (@JohnDCook)
    John’s blog cuts across using computing, programming and mathematics to solve real-world problems, pulling in his wide expertise as a mathematics professor, programmer, consultant, manager and statistician. Some great posts across the technical and socio-technical spectrum. Also runs a number ofuseful Twitter tip accounts, including @CompSciFact, @UnixToolTip, @RegexTip and @TeXtip.
  • Serious Engineering by Anthony Finkelstein (@profserious)
    Anthony is Dean of the Faculty of Engineering Sciences at UCL, having previously been the Head of the UCL Computer Science. His regular blog posts are an insightful and thought-provoking journey across computer science, engineering, research and academia.
  • Computational Complexity by Lance Fortnow (@fortnow) and Bill Gasarch
    Since 2002, the first major theoretical computer science blog; computational complexity and other fun stuff in mathematics and computer science.
  • Daniel Lemire’s blog by Daniel Lemire (@lemire)
    Daniel Lemire is a professor in the Cognitive Computer Science research group at LICEF in Canada, with his popular blog covering topics across his research areas (databases, data warehousing, information retrieval and recommender systems), as well as programming, education, economics and open science.
  • Gödel’s Lost Letter and P=NP by Dick Lipton (@rjlipton) and Ken Regan
    This is a blog on \mathrm{P} = \mathrm{NP} and other questions in the theory of computing, named after the famous letter that Gödel wrote to von Neumann which essentially stated the \mathrm{P} = \mathrm{NP} question decades before Cook and Karp. Defined by the authors as a personal view of the theory of computation, it talks about the “who” as much as the “what”.
  • Editor’s Letters by Moshe Vardi (@vardi)
    Moshe Vardi, a distinguished and award-winning theoretical computer scientist, has served as Editor-in-Chief of Communications of the ACM since 2008, discussing a wide range of topics across computer science, research and technology. Certainly worth following on Twitter too.
  • Alan Winfield’s Web Log by Alan Winfield (@alan_winfield)
    Alan is the Hewlett-Packard Professor of Electronic Engineering at UWE and his blog is mostly, but not exclusively, about robots. It also touches upon artificial intelligence, artificial culture, ethics and biology, highlighting his definition of robotics as both engineering and experimental philosophy.
  • Lambda the Ultimate, the Programming Languages Weblog (@lambda_ultimate)
    This site deals with issues directly related to programming languages and programming language research, as well as forays to bordering issues such as programmability and language in general. This is a community, but not for specific programming problems in some language; unfounded generalisations about programming languages are usually frowned on.
  • BLOG@CACM by Communications of the ACM (@blogCACM)
    The Communications site publishes two types of blogs: the on-site BLOG@CACM expert blogs, as well as a blogroll of syndicated blogs, essentially covering the spectrum of computer science, research, education and technology. Something for everyone!
  • Google Research Blog by Google (@googleresearch)
    The latest news on Google research, focusing on some of their key areas of interest: e-commerce, algorithms, HCI, information retrieval, machine learning, data mining, NLP, multimedia, computer vision, statistics, security and privacy.
Clearly this set is incomplete — please post your CS research blog recommendations in the comments below; I’d be particularly interested in blogs covering hardware and computer architectures.
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Thursday, July 19, 2012

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux

History of Linux

The History of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, to create a new operating system kernel.
Since then, the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its state in 2009 of over 370 megabytes of source under the GNU General Public License.[1

 

 

Events leading to creation

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Its availability and portability caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. Its design became influential to authors of other systems.[citation needed]
In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project with the goal of creating a free UNIX-like operating system.[2] As part of this work, he wrote the GNU General Public License (GPL). By the early 1990s there was almost enough available software to create a full operating system. However, the GNU kernel, called Hurd, failed to attract enough attention from developers leaving GNU incomplete.
Another free operating system project, initially released in 1977, was the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). This was developed by UC Berkeley from the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. Since BSD contained Unix code that AT&T owned, AT&T filed a lawsuit (USL v. BSDi) in the early 1990s against the University of California. This strongly limited the development and adoption of BSD.[3][4]
In 1985, Intel released the 80386, the first x86 microprocessor with 32-bit instruction set and MMU with paging.[5]
In 1986, Maurice J. Bach, of AT&T Bell Labs, published The Design of the UNIX Operating System.[6] This definitive description principally covered the System V Release 2 kernel, with some new features from Release 3 and BSD.
MINIX, a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted. In addition, MINIX's 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32-bit features of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers.
These factors and the lack of a widely adopted, free kernel provided the impetus for Torvalds's starting his project. He has stated that if either the GNU or 386BSD kernels were available at the time, he likely would not have written his own.[7][8]

The creation of Linux

Linus Torvalds in 2002
In 1991, in Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. It was initially a terminal emulator, which Torvalds used to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done on MINIX using the GNU C compiler, which is still the main choice for compiling Linux today (although the code can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C Compiler).[citation needed]
As Torvalds wrote in his book Just for Fun,[9] he eventually realized that he had written an operating system kernel. On 25 August 1991, he announced this system in a Usenet posting to the newsgroup "comp.os.minix.":[10]
Hello everybody out there using minix -
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).
I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)
PS. Yes – it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.
—Linus Torvalds [11]
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No. State Capital Chief Minister
1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Kiran Kumar Reddy
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Nabam Tuki
3 Assam Dispur Tarun Gogoi
4 Bihar Patna Nitish Kumar
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur Dr. Raman Singh
6 Goa Panaji Manohar Parrikar
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar Narendra Modi
8 Haryana Chandigarh Bhupinder Singh Hooda
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Prof. Prem Kumar Dhumal
10 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar Omar Abdullah
11 Jharkhand Ranchi Arjun Munda
12 Karnataka Bengaluru Jagadish Shettar
13 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Oommen Chandy
14 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Shivraj Singh Chouhan
15 Maharashtra Mumbai Prithviraj Chavan
16 Manipur Imphal Okram Ibobi Singh
17 Meghalaya Shillong Dr. Mukul Sangma
18 Mizoram Aizawl Pu Lalthanhawla
19 Nagaland Kohima Neiphiu Rio
20 Orissa Bhubaneswar Naveen Patnaik
21 Punjab Chandigarh Parkash Singh Badal
22 Rajasthan Jaipur Ashok Gehlot
23 Sikkim Gangtok Pawan Chamling
24 Tamil Nadu Chennai Ms. J. Jayalalithaa
25 Tripura Agartala Manik Sarkar
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Akhilesh Yadav
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun Vijay Bahuguna
28 West Bengal Kolkata Ms. Mamata Banerjee


http://www.go4quiz.com/955/list-of-indias-28-states-capitals-and-chief-ministers/
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